Ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo mu mwobo: Ubuyobozi bwuzuye bwo gushyira mu byiciro no gukoresha uduce duto tw'udupira n'udupira twa diyama

Mu bikorwa byo gucukura peteroli, icyuma cyo gucukura ni cyo gikoresho cy'ingenzi cyo kumena amabuye, kandi imikorere yacyo igira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ku mikorere myiza no ku giciro cyo gucukura. Bitewe n'imiterere igoye kandi ihindagurika, guhitamo neza uduce duto tw'urukiramende n'uduce duto tw'ibumba byabaye inshingano y'ingenzi ku bahanga mu gucukura.

01 Roller Cone Bits: Ibikoresho Bikoreshwa mu buryo butandukanye bihuza n'imiterere

Kuva zatangira gukoreshwa mu 1909, uduce twa roller cone twabaye ubwoko bwa bit bukoreshwa cyane mu gucukura rota. Imiterere yabyo yihariye ya multi·cone ituma bimenyera imiterere itandukanye kuva ku yoroshye kugeza ku ikomeye cyane.

Imiterere n'ikoranabuhanga ry'ibanze

Agace k'umugozi gakozwe mu cyuma kagizwe n'ibice bitanu by'ingenzi:

· Umubiri w'igice: Amaguru atatu y'inyuma afatanye, afite umugozi wo guhuza hejuru.

· Amakoni: Imibiri y'icyuma ipfutse ifite amenyo asya cyangwa utubuto twa tungsten carbide (TCI) hejuru.

· Sisitemu yo gutwara: Irimo amaseti ane y'amaberari: manini, aciriritse, mato n'asunika.

· Utuzuzu: Ubusanzwe utuzuzu 3·4 dufite umurambararo wa mm 7·14.

· Uburyo bwo gusiga amavuta no gufunga: Ibyuma bifunga bya rubber cyangwa ibyuma bihujwe n'igikoresho cyo gupima umuvuduko.

Ikoranabuhanga ryo gufunga icyuma ni intambwe ikomeye mu bice by'umuvuduko w'amazi. Ibice bigezweho bikoresha sisitemu yo gusiga amavuta ikoresheje umuvuduko w'amazi, ikomeza kuringaniza hagati y'umuvuduko w'amazi mu cyumba cy'amazi n'umuvuduko w'amazi acukura mu mwobo unyura mu nzira yo kohereza umuvuduko, agace k'umuvuduko w'amazi n'igikombe cy'amavuta.

Sisitemu yo gushyira mu byiciro n'amategeko ya IADC

Ishyirahamwe Mpuzamahanga ry’Abakora Ubucukuzi bw’Amabuye (IADC) ryashyizeho amahame ngenderwaho ku rwego rw’isi yose yo gushyira mu byiciro uduce tw’udupira tw’amapine, hakoreshejwe sisitemu y’imibare itatu y’amakode:

· Umubare wa mbere: Ubwoko bw'amenyo n'imiterere yayo

· 1: Iryinyo ryaciwe, imiterere yoroshye

· 2: Iryinyo ryaciwe, hagati kugeza hagati · gukomera

· 3: Iryinyo ryaciwe, rikomeye kandi riteye ubwoba

· 5: TCI, yoroshye kugeza iri hagati

· 6: TCI, imiterere y'ubukonje buri hagati

· 7: TCI, gukomera no gukurura

· 8: TCI, ikomeye cyane, ifite imiterere ikabije kandi itera cyane

· Umubare wa kabiri: Gukomera kw'imiterere y'ikintu (1·4, umubare munini ugaragaza imiterere ikomeye)

· Umubare wa gatatu: Imiterere y'imiterere ya biti

· 4: Ifite uruziga rufunganye

· 6: Ifunze neza mu gikoresho cy'imashini

· 7: Uburinzi bw'icyuma gifunganye + uburinzi bw'icyuma gipima hamwe na TCI

· 8: Igice cyo gutangiza umuhanda w'amazi ayobora umuhanda

Sisitemu yoroshye yo gushyira mu byiciro IADC ku biti bya Roller Cone

Uburyo bwo Kumena Urutare n'Ibiranga Uburyo bwo Kugenda

Iyo agace k'umugozi gakora, kagaragaza imikorere itatu ivanze:

· Impinduramatwara: Utubumbe duzunguruka ukurikije urwego rw'isaha hamwe n'umubiri w'igice.

· Kuzunguruka: Amenyo azunguruka akurikije icyerekezo cy'isaha akikije umurongo w'inyuma w'amenyo.

· Kunyerera: Harimo kunyerera kwa radial na tangential.

Uku kugenda guvanze bitanga ingaruka ebyiri zo kumena amabuye:

1. Gukubita amenyo: Guhinduranya amenyo rimwe n'abiri bitera guhindagurana, bigatera imbaraga.

2. Gukata ibiti: Bigerwaho hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukata ibiti hejuru y'amabuye, gukata ibiti hanze no gukata ibiti byinshi, bigatuma ibiti bikata amabuye.

Ingamba zo Guhitamo Ibice no Guhuza Imiterere

Amahame y'ibanze yo guhitamo uduce tw'urukiramende dukurikije imiterere y'amabuye:

· Imiterere yoroshye: Hitamo ibice bifite imiterere ya offset, overhang, na multi-cone; bifite amenyo maremare, manini, kandi ahanaguwe neza cyangwa TCI.

· Imiterere iciriritse ikomeye: Gabanya agaciro k'amenyo ahindagurika, areshya, n'ay'amenyo menshi; koresha amenyo magufi, magufi kandi yegeranye cyane.

· Imiterere ikomeye kandi iteye ubwoba: Koresha imiterere y'inyuguti imwe, nta guhagarara cyangwa guhagarara; shyiraho TCI y'umubumbe cyangwa iy'umubumbe.

· Imiterere y'amenyo afite umwobo ugoramye: Hitamo utubuto tw'amenyo magufi dufite uburinzi buke cyangwa nta bunini burimo cyangwa nta bunini burimo, hanyuma uhitemo yoroshye gato kuruta imiterere nyayo.

· Imiterere yoroshye ivanze: Hitamo igice gishingiye ku ibuye rikomeye, hanyuma uhindure ibipimo byo gucukura mu buryo buhinduka.

Ibisubizo byihariye ku kibazo:

· Utwobo duto (<177 mm): Koresha uduce tw’udupira duto, dufite udupira tunini, amenyo n’udupira kugira ngo ukomere cyane.

· Gucukura mu cyerekezo: Hitamo uduce dufite imibare ya gatatu ya IADC 8 (uduce twabugenewe two gutangira).

02 Uduce twa Diyama: Igikoresho cy'ingenzi cyo gukora imiterere ikomeye

Diyama ifite ubukana bukabije bw’umwimerere (ubukana bwa Mohs 10, imbaraga zo gukanda kugeza kuri 8800 MPa, ubushobozi bwo kwangirika inshuro 9000 z’icyuma). Uduce twa diyama dukoresha ubu buryo kugira ngo tube intwaro ikomeye yo guhangana n’imiterere ikomeye.

Gushyira mu byiciro no Guteza Imbere Ikoranabuhanga

Uduce twa diyama twa none twigabanyijemo ubwoko butatu:

1. Uduce twa diyama dushyirwa ku buso

· Uduce twa diyama twagaragaye ku buso bw'ikamba.

· Bikwiriye imiterere yo hagati kugeza ku ikomeye.

· Gupima ingano ya diyama:

· Imiterere yoroshye: amabuye 2/karati (hafi mm 4 z'umurambararo)

· Imiterere iciriritse ikomeye: amabuye 3-4/karati (hafi mm 3.6)

· Imiterere ikomeye: amabuye 10-15/karati (hafi mm 2.0)

2. Uduce twa diyama twatewemo inda

· Diyama zishyizwe muri matrix (amabuye 60‑400/karati).

· Bikwiriye imiterere ikomeye cyane kandi iteye ubwoba (chert, siliceous dolomite, nibindi).

· Kwiyongerera ubushobozi bwo kwiyongerera ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu bishya.

3. Uduce twa PDC (Polycrystalline Diamond Compact)

· Yatangijwe bwa mbere na General Electric mu 1973.

· Imiterere y'icyuma gikata: urwego rwa diyama + substrate ya tungsten carbide.

· Imiterere ikoreshwa: imiterere yoroshye kugeza ku iringaniye ikomeye kandi ingana.

Ibipimo by'imiterere n'igishushanyo mbonera cy'ingenzi

Uduce twa diyama dufite umubiri wose udafite ibice bigenda, ahanini bigizwe na:

· Umubiri w'icyuma: Icyuma kiringaniye cya karuboni, hejuru gifite imigozi.

· Matrix: Ifu ya karubide ya Tungsten + icyuma gifata gishingiye ku muringa, ubukana bwa HRC 30‑45.

· Ibintu byo gukata: Diyama karemano/ikozwe mu buryo bwa sintetike cyangwa PDC cutters.

· Igishushanyo mbonera cya Hydraulic: Utuzu twa Nozzles, inzira z'amazi (radial, spiral, etc.).

Ibipimo by'ingenzi by'igishushanyo mbonera:

· Ubwinshi bwa diyama: Hindura ukurikije imiterere y'ibumba - ubwinshi bwinshi kugira ngo ibumba rirusheho gukurura.

· Uburebure bw'aho umuntu agaragara:

· Imiterere yoroshye: 1/3 cy'umurambararo wa diyama

· Imiterere ikomeye: 1/6‑1/10 y'umurambararo wa diyama

· Imiterere y'ikamba: Igororotse (imiterere isa), izengurutse (imiterere ikomeye), ifite imisemburo (imiterere iteye ubwoba).

Uburyo bwo Gusenya Urutare n'uburyo bwo Gusubiza mu Miterere yarwo

Uburyo diyama ivunjwamo amabuye buhinduka bitewe n’imiterere yayo:

· Imiterere ya pulasitiki (amabuye y'ivu, gypsum, nibindi) – Kimwe n'uburyo bwo "guhinga"; diyama zinjira zigatera urutare gutemba rwa pulasitiki.

· Imiterere y’amabuye y’umucanga ya quartz, nibindi) – Itanga imyobo isya ingano; ingano y’ibice ni inshuro 2-4 z’ishusho ya diyama, ikaba ikora neza cyane.

· Amabuye akomeye (chert, ibuye rya siliceous) – Koresha uduce twatewe; gusenya ni ugukata no gushwanyaguza, nk'uko usya ukoresheje ipine.

Ibyiza n'imbogamizi bya PDC Bits

Nk'igicuruzwa gishya mu muryango wa diyama, PDC bits zifite ibyiza bidasanzwe:

Ibiranga imiterere:

· Igikoresho cya PDC cy'icyuma: Icyuma kimwe giciriritse cya karuboni, gifite ubuso bukonje.

· Igice cya PDC cy'umubiri wa matrix: Igice cyo hejuru cy'icyuma + igice cyo hasi cya tungsten carbide - imikorere myiza.

Igishushanyo mbonera cy'umwirondoro:

· Paraboliki: Imiterere yoroshye, amashusho maremare, ROP nini.

· Izunguruka: Ikwiriye gucukura ameza azunguruka, ifasha kwinjira mu bice bikomeye.

· Ifite imiterere y'inyuma: Gucukura vuba cyane, kwinjira neza.

Inzitizi:

· Ntibikwiriye ku buriri bw'amabuye cyangwa imiterere yoroshye ivanze.

· Ubushyuhe buke (buri hejuru ya 350°C burashira vuba; ku bushyuhe bwa 700°C imbaraga ziragabanuka).

· Ubudahangarwa buke bwo gukubita; ibyuma bishya bigabanya urutoki bishobora gucika impande.

Kugereranya uburyo Diamond Bit ikoreshwa ukurikije uburyo ikoreshwa

03 Inyigisho yo Guhitamo mu Buhanga: Guhuza Imiterere n'Ibikenewe mu Mikorere

Amategeko y'indabyo yo guhitamo ibyuma bito bya roller cone

1. Guhuza ubukana bw'imiterere

· Imiterere yoroshye: hitamo ibice bifite amenyo afite ishusho y'umukara, amenyo aremereye, amenyo afite ishusho y'umukara cyangwa amenyo afite ishusho y'umukara.

· Imiterere ikomeye: ikoresha amenyo y’umuhondo umwe, nta ruhushya, n’amenyo y’umuhondo cyangwa amenyo y’umugongo.

2. Guhangana n'uburibwe bukabije

· Ku bijyanye n'imiterere isanzwe, hitamo uduce twa TCI dufite uburinzi bw'igipimo.

· Niba amenyo yo hanze afite umurongo uzingiye mu gihe amenyo y'imbere adasaza cyane, ongera uburinzi ku gice gikurikiraho.

3. Ibisubizo byihariye ku kibazo

· Imiterere y'amenyo igoramye: hitamo utubuto tw'amenyo magufi dufite imiterere mike cyangwa ntayo; hitamo yoroshye gato ugereranyije n'imiterere nyayo.

· Imiterere y’ibice by’ubugari byoroshye: hitamo igice ukurikije ibuye rikomeye, hindura ibipimo mu buryo buhinduka.

· Ibice birebire: hitamo ibice bifite amashusho menshi kugira ngo wishyure igihe cyo gucika intege.

Ingamba zo Guhitamo Diyama

1. Igihe cyo gukoresha uduce twa PDC

· Uburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha: imiterere miremire yoroshye kugeza ku iy'ubugari (shale, iy'amabuye y'umukungugu, gypsum, n'ibindi).

· Gukoresha ibibujijwe: uburiri bw'amabuye, imiterere y'ibice bya chert, imiterere yoroshye kandi ikomeye.

· Imiterere ya parametero: WOB iri hasi (30‑60 kN), RPM iri hejuru (100‑300 rpm), umuvuduko mwinshi w'amazi.

2. Igihe cyo gukoresha uduce twa diyama karemano/dukozwe mu buryo bw'ingufu

· Imiterere ikomeye kugeza ku ikomeye cyane (granite, umusenyi wa quartz, nibindi).

· Imiterere iteye cyane (chert, siliceous dolomite).

· Gucukura imiyoboro ya turbo, amariba maremare kandi mato cyane, ibikorwa byo gucukura imiyoboro.

3. Ibisabwa byihariye ku bice byo gufunga

· Uduce duto two gufunga icyuma gifata icyuma: igishushanyo cy'uduce tune (dufite imiterere y'icyuma gifata icyuma/icyuma gifata icyuma) cyangwa uduce dutandatu (dufite imiterere y'icyuma gifata icyuma).

· Uduce two gukata diyama: utumashini two gukata tugomba kuba dukozwe mu buryo buringaniye kandi tudapfa kwangirika.

· Ikimenyetso cy'ingenzi: imbere ifite umurambararo w'inyuma kugira ngo hirindwe igice cy'imbere cy'urukiramende.

Gusuzuma no Gukemura Indwara Iterwa n'Uburyo Iterwa n'Indwara Iterwa n'Iyo Udukoko Turenze Umwobo

Kumenya imiterere y'imikorere ya roller cone bit:

· Kunanirwa kw'ingufu: Imeza izunguruka igenda yiyongera iyo WOB iri hejuru, ROP iragabanuka ariko umuvuduko wa pompe usanzwe.

· Ingufu yatakaye: Ihindagurika rikomeye ry'imbaraga, ikimenyetso cy'uburemere kizunguruka cyane, uburebure bw'umugozi buhinduka iyo bufashwe.

· Amenyo yashaje: Kugabanuka k'umutwaro w'ameza azenguruka, nta gusimbuka, kugabanuka gukomeye kwa ROP.

Ibibujijwe gukoresha diyama:

· Umwobo wo hasi ugomba kuba usukuye mbere yo kwinjira mu mwobo; menya neza ko nta myanda y'icyuma irimo.

· Tangira gucukura ukoresheje WOB yoroheje, RPM nto kugira ngo "ugire icyo ugeraho" (gupima umwobo wo hasi wa metero 0.5).

· Irinde gukurura umwuka; nibiba ngombwa, koresha WOB yoroheje, RPM nke, kandi ukomeze gukora neza.

04 Ingendo zigezweho n'ingingo zo kwimenyereza mu murima

Ibyerekezo by'udushya mu ikoranabuhanga

Ikoranabuhanga ryo gucukura indege ifite umuvuduko mwinshi:

· Ikoresha imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ifite umuvuduko mwinshi cyane (150‑200 MPa) kugira ngo ifashe mu gusenya amabuye.

· Ingufu zo kongera imbaraga mu miyoboro y'amazi (Downhole intensifiers) ni zo zibandaho mu bushakashatsi no mu iterambere; ibizamini bigaragaza ko ROP ishobora kwiyongera inshuro 3-5.

· Imbogamizi za tekiniki zirimo gufunga no kohereza umuvuduko mwinshi cyane.

Sisitemu z'ubwenge za bit:

· Ibikoresho bya embedded sensors bikurikirana imiterere ya bit mu gihe nyacyo.

· Guhindura ibipimo byo gukata kugira ngo bihuze n'impinduka mu miterere.

· Isesengura ry'amakuru manini kugira ngo habeho uburyo bwo guhitamo bit no guhanura igihe serivisi izamara.

Amategeko y'indabyo mu rwego rwo hejuru

1. Gufata icyemezo cy'igihe cyo gusohora umwobo

· Kugabanuka kwa ROP guhoraho (mu miterere ihuye).

· Kugabanuka kwa ROP mu buryo butunguranye hamwe n'ingamba zo gukosora zidakora neza (guhindura imiterere).

· Kongera imbaraga cyane zijyana no kugabanuka kwa ROP (kwangirika kwa bit).

· Kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'ipompe mu buryo butunguranye (umunwa watakaye cyangwa umugozi wo gucukura wagejejweho).

2. Ingamba zo kongera igihe cyo kumara igice

· Koresha igice gishya gifite WOB yoroheje na RPM nkeya kugira ngo winjiremo.

· Koresha agakoresho gakingira umupira (igikoresho kidatera gusimbuka).

· Ingendo ngufi z'igihe runaka zo gukuraho imyanda yo mu mwobo wo hasi.

· Irinde kuzenguruka cyane hepfo.

3. Isesengura ry'ubukungu

· Kubara ikiguzi kuri metero = (ikiguzi cya biti + ikiguzi cy'igihe cyo gucukura) / amashusho.

Nubwo uduce twa PDC dufite igiciro kinini, mu buryo bukwiye agace kamwe ka PDC gashobora gucukura inshuro 3-5 z'agace ka roller cone.

· Mu bice birambuye, shyira imbere ibice bifite amashusho menshi kugira ngo byishyure igihombo cy'igihe cyatewe n'ihungabana.

Guhitamo bit ni ikoranabuhanga rigezweho rihuza inyigisho za siyansi n'uburambe mu murima. Uduce twa roller cone, hamwe n'uburyo bwazo bwo guhindura ibintu mu buryo bwagutse, turacyari ubwoko bwa bit bukunze kugaragara cyane muri iki gihe. Uduce twa diyama, cyane cyane utw'uduce twa PDC, tugaragaza ubushobozi budasanzwe mu miterere yihariye.

Gusobanukirwa neza uburyo bwa IADC bwo gushyira mu byiciro, gusobanukirwa uburyo butandukanye bwo gukata uduce duto, no gusuzuma neza uburyo ibintu bikoreshwa, imiterere yabyo hamwe n'ibisabwa mu mikorere bizahuza neza uburyo ibintu bikoreshwa. Hamwe n'ikoreshwa rya sensors zo mu mazi, isesengura ry'amakuru menshi n'ubwenge bw'ubukorano, guhitamo uduce duto birimo kuva ku byemezo bishingiye ku bunararibonye kugera ku guhuza neza ibipimo, bikomeza guteza imbere iterambere mu mikorere myiza y'ubucukuzi.

Umuntu wo kuvugana na we: Jessie Zhou

Telefoni igendanwa/Whatsapp:+0086-18109206861

Email: energy@landrilltools.com